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Background: CatSper gene, a member of cation channel sperm family, has an essential role in sperm motility and male fertility. Following varicocele, sperm parameters especially sperm movement decreases. For this reason, we hypothesized that CatSper gene expression might be reduced after varicocele induction in an animal model
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CatSper 1 and 2 genes, sperm parameters and testis histology following varicocele induction
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into three following groups [n=10/ each]: control, sham, and varicocele group. Experimental varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein. The epididymal sperm parameters, CatSper1 and 2 genes expression, and testes histology were studied two months after varicocele induction
Results: Our results revealed that motility [32.73+/-16.14%], morphology [48.80+/-17%] and viability [31.23+/-9.82%] of sperms significantly reduced following varicocele induction. In addition, we showed a significant decrease in the number of spermatogonia [43.63+/-5.31] and seminiferous tubules diameters [190.51+/-19.23 mm] in experimental varicocele rats. The level of CatSper1 and 2 genes expression evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction was significantly downregulated 2 months after varicocele induction
Conclusion: Our data indicated that experimental varicocele has deleterious effects on sperm parameters, testis structure as well as the expression of CatSper 1 and 2 genes
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Objective: Bone marrow [BM] is one of the major hematopoietic organs in postnatal life that consists of a heterogeneous population of stem cells which have been previously described. Recently, a rare population of stem cells that are called very small embryonic-like [VSEL] stem cells has been found in the BM. These cells express several developmental markers of pluripotent stem cells and can be mobilized into peripheral blood [PB] in response to tissue injury. In this study we have attempted to investigate the ability of these cells to migrate toward an injured spinal cord after transplantation through the tail vein in a rat model
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, VSELs were isolated from total BM cells using a fluorescent activated cell sorting [FACS] system and sca1 and stage specific embryonic antigen [SSEA-1] antibodies. After isolation, VSELs were cultured for 7 days on C2C12 as the feeder layer. Then, VSELs were labeled with 1,1´-dioctadecyl-3,3,3´,3´- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate [DiI] and transplanted into the rat spinal cord injury [SCI] model via the tail vein. Finally, we sought to determine the presence of VSELs in the lesion site
Results: We isolated a high number of VSELs from the BM. After cultivation, the VSELs colonies were positive for SSEA-1, Oct4 and Sca1. At one month after transplantation, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed a significantly increased expression level of Oct4 and SSEA-1 positive cells at the injury site
Conclusion: VSELs have the capability to migrate and localize in an injured spinal cord after transplantation
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Background: Sertoli cells play a pivotal role in creating microenvironments essential for spermatogonial stem cells [SSCs] self-renewal and commitment to differentiation. Maintenance of SSCs and or induction of in vitro spermiogenesis may provide a therapeutic strategy to treat male infertility
Objective: This study investigated the role of luekemia inhibitory factor [LIF] on the propagation of SSCs and both functions of Sertoli cells on the proliferation and differentiation of these cells
Materials and Methods: SSCs were sorted from the testes of adult male mice by magnetic activated cell sorting and thymus cell antigen 1 antibody. On the other hand, isolated Sertoli cells were enriched using lectin coated plates. SSCs were cultured on Sertoli cells for 7 days in the absence or presence of LIF. The effects of these conditions were evaluated by microscopy and expression of meiotic and post meiotic transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
Results: Our data showed that SSCs co-cultured with Sertoli cells in the presence of LIF formed colonies on top of the Sertoli cells. These colonies had alkaline phosphatesase activity and expressed SSCs specific genes. SSCs were enjoyed limited development after the mere removal of LIF, and exhibiting expression of meiotic and postmeiotic transcript and loss of SSCs specific gene expression [p< 0.05]
Conclusion: Our findings represent co-culture of SSCs with Sertoli cells provides conditions that may allow efficient proliferation and differentiation of SSCs for male infertility treatment
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Different radiological methods can be used for visualization of cystic duct and its variations. It can be optimally and directly visualized with cholangiography. Unrecognized abnormality of the biliary aparatus may cause confusion on imaging studies and complicate subsequent surgical treatment. Malignancy or inflammatory processes can be secondarily involving the cystic duct. The cystic duct may be primarily involved by calculous disease, neoplasia, fistula, biliary obstruction and sclerosing cholangitis. If a portion of cystic duct is left behind during cholecystectomy many complications may be seen postoperatively. These complications include leakage and stones in cystic duct. Redundant cystic duct, impacted cystic duct stone or a tortuous cystic duct may confuse with a mass or tumor. So accurate diagnosis can familiarize the physicians and surgeon with the imaging appearance of anatomical variation of cystic duct and its related disease processes.
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Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of monotherapy with either mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] or estrogen in autoimmune and cuprizone models of multiple sclerosis [MS]. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of co-administration of 17beta-estradiol [E2] and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells [ADSCs] on remyelination of corpus callosum axons in a cuprizone model of MS. Forty eight male C57BL/6 mice were fed cuprizone [0.2%] for 6 weeks. At day 0 after cuprizone removal, animals were randomly divided into four groups. The E2 monotherapy, ADSCs monotherapy, E2/ADSCs combined therapy and vehicle control. Some mice of the same age were fed with their normal diet to serve as healthy control group. E2 pellets, designed to release 5.0 mg E2 over 10 days, were implanted subcutaneously. 10[6] PKH26 labeled ADSCs were transplanted into lateral tail. The extent of demyelination, remyelination, and cell type's composition of host brain were examined at 10 days post-transplantation in the body of the corpus callosum. Transplanted cells migrated to the corpus callosum injury. Histological examination revealed efficacy of intravenous ADSCs transplantation in remyelination of mouse cuprizone model of MS can be significantly enhanced by E2 administration. Flow cytometry showed that the mean percentages of expression of Iba-1, Olig2 and O4 were significantly increased in E2/ADSCs combined therapy in comparison with ADSCs monotherapy. In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that E2 administration enhanced efficacy of intravenous ADSCs transplantation in remyelination of corpus callosum axons in mouse cuprizone model of MS
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Recently, embryonic stem [ES] cells have become very important resources in basic medical researches. These cells can differetiate into derivatives of all primary germ layers. In order to isolate embryonic stem cells in vitro, the blastocyst were cultured and the morphological aspects, population doubling time, alkalin phosphatse and differentiation properties of the cells were investigated. The balstocysts from NMRI mice were cultured for 3 days up to time that inner cell mass [ICM] reach to the outgrowth stage. The cells were disaggregated and trypsinized every 3 days until the appearance of the colonies of ES cells. The colony positive cells were fixed and stained for alkaline phosphatase. The ES cells were cultured in suspension state for 5 days, at the same time Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor [LIF] was removed from media to form embryoid bodies[EBs]. The EBs were cultured for 8 - 20 days on collagen coated dish to induce the spontaneouse differentiation. During the 6-9 days after the disaggregation of ICM in the expansion stage, the colony of ES cells appeared as a flat monolayer mass with strike boundaries and nondistinguish cytoplasm including a few nuclei. In colony formation stage, the morphology changed from flat monolayer to round multilayer with strike define boundaries. Undifferentiated cells were seen as intensely small cells attached together compactly with high nucleus/cytoplasm [N/C] ratio. The cells of colonies tend to differetiate by separation from each other and became larger and diffused on substrate by attaching to dish. The positive alkaline phosphatase cells were seen in typical morphology of ES colonies. The EBs cells were seen in culture after 5 days in suspension and began to spontaneously differentiate into various types of cells such as nerve and hematopoitic lineages.Despite strike morphology of ES colonies, it is difficult to distinguish the differentiated from undifferentiated cell colonies in the colony formation stage. New ES cells are capable to give rise into EBs and are susceptible of spontaneously differentiation in various type of cells